ࡱ> jlghi bjbjNN -,~,~] W,p* ,i.tWvWvWvWvWvWvW$XZW1/'*1/1/WU UUU1/ tW1/tWUUVWStWʞ<lW A Dictionary of Units  This provides a summary of most of the units of measurement to be found in use around the world today (and a few of historical interest), together with the appropriate conversion factors needed to change them into a 'standard' unit of the S I. The units may be found either by looking under the HYPERLINK \l "category"category in which they are used [such as length, mass, density, energy etc.], or else by picking one unit from an alpabetically ordered HYPERLINK \l "list"list of units. There are NO units of currency. There is an outline of the HYPERLINK \l "SI"S I; a list of its basic defining HYPERLINK \l "standards"standards and also some of its HYPERLINK \l "derived"derived units; then another list of all the HYPERLINK \l "prefixes"S I prefixes and some notes on HYPERLINK \l "convention"conventions of usage. There is a short HYPERLINK \l "history"historical note on measures generally; descriptions of the HYPERLINK \l "metric"Metric system, the HYPERLINK \l "UK"U K (Imperial) system with a statement on the implementation of HYPERLINK \l "MetUK"'metrication' in the U K, and the HYPERLINK \l "US"U S system. Finally there is a HYPERLINK \l "refs"list of other sources concerned with the topic of measures and units (with a few references to currencies) and also some HYPERLINK \l "note"notes about this document.  The Systeme International [S I] Le Systeme international d'Unites officially came into being in October 1960 and has been adopted by nearly all countries, though the amount of actual usage varies considerably. It is based upon 7 principal units, 1 in each of 7 different categories - Category Name Abbreviation Length metre m Mass kilogram kg Time second s Electric current ampere A Temperature kelvin K Amount of substance mole mol Luminous intensity candela cd HYPERLINK \l "standards"Definitions of these basic units are given. Each of these units may take a HYPERLINK \l "prefixes"prefix. From these basic units many HYPERLINK \l "derived"other units are derived and named. Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document  Definitions of the Seven Basic S I Units metre [m] The metre is the basic unit of length. It is the distance light travels, in a vacuum, in 1/299792458th of a second. kilogram [kg] The kilogram is the basic unit of mass. It is the mass of an international prototype in the form of a platinum-iridium cylinder kept at Sevres in France. It is now the only basic unit still defined in terms of a material object, and also the only one with a prefix[kilo] already in place. second [s] The second is the basic unit of time. It is the length of time taken for 9192631770 periods of vibration of the caesium-133 atom to occur. ampere [A] The ampere is the basic unit of electric current. It is that current which produces a specified force between two parallel wires which are 1 metre apart in a vacuum.It is named after the French physicist Andre Ampere (1775-1836). kelvin [K] The kelvin is the basic unit of temperature. It is 1/273.16th of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. It is named after the Scottish mathematician and physicist William Thomson 1st Lord Kelvin (1824-1907). mole [mol] The mole is the basic unit of substance. It is the amount of substance that contains as many elementary units as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of carbon-12. candela [cd] The candela is the basic unit of luminous intensity. It is the intensity of a source of light of a specified frequency, which gives a specified amount of power in a given direction. Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document  Derived Units of the S I From the 7 basic units of the SI many other units are derived for a variety of purposes. Only some of them are explained here. The units printed in bold are either basic units or else, in some cases, are themselves derived. farad [F] The farad is the SI unit of the capacitance of an electrical system, that is, its capacity to store electricity. It is a rather large unit as defined and is more often used as a microfarad. It is named after the English chemist and physicist Michael Faraday (1791-1867). hertz [Hz] The hertz is the SI unit of the frequency of a periodic phenomenon. One hertz indicates that 1 cycle of the phenomenon occurs every second. For most work much higher frequencies are needed such as the kiloherz [kHz] and megaherz [MHz]. It is named after the German physicist Heinrich Rudolph Herz (1857-94). joule [J] The joule is the SI unit of work or energy. One joule is the amount of work done when an applied force of 1 newton moves through a distance of 1 metre in the direction of the force.It is named after the English physicist James Prescott Joule (1818-89). newton [N] The newton is the SI unit of force. One newton is the force required to give a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 metre per second per second. It is named after the English mathematician and physicist Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727). ohm [*] The ohm is the SI unit of resistance of an electrical conductor. Its symbol, shown here as [*] is the Greek letter known as 'omega'. It is named after the German physicist Georg Simon Ohm (1789-1854). pascal [Pa] The pascal is the SI unit of pressure. One pascal is the pressure generated by a force of 1 newton acting on an area of 1 square metre. It is a rather small unit as defined and is more often used as a kilopascal [kP]. It is named after the French mathematician, physicist and philosopher Blaise Pascal (1623-62). volt [V] The volt is the SI unit of electric potential. One volt is the difference of potential between two points of an electical conductor when a current of 1 ampere flowing between those points dissipates a power of 1 watt. It is named after the Italian physicist Count Alessandro Giuseppe Anastasio Volta (1745-1827). watt [W] The watt is used to measure power or the rate of doing work. One watt is a power of 1 joule per second. It is named after the Scottish engineer James Watt (1736-1819). Note that HYPERLINK \l "prefixes"prefixes may be used in conjunction with any of the above units. Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document  The Prefixes of the S I The S I allows the sizes of units to be made bigger or smaller by the use of appropriate prefixes. For example, the electrical unit of a watt is not a big unit even in terms of ordinary household use, so it is generally used in terms of 1000 watts at a time. The prefix for 1000 is kilo so we use kilowatts[kW] as our unit of measurement. For makers of electricity, or bigger users such as industry, it is common to use megawatts[MW] or even gigawatts[GW]. The full range of prefixes with their [symbols or abbreviations] and their multiplying factors which are also given in other forms is yotta [Y] 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10^24 zetta [Z] 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10^21 exa [E] 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 10^18 peta [P] 1 000 000 000 000 000 = 10^15 tera [T] 1 000 000 000 000 = 10^12 giga [G] 1 000 000 000 (a thousand millions = a billion) mega [M] 1 000 000 (a million) kilo [k] 1 000 (a thousand) 1 milli [m] 0.001 (a thousandth) micro [*] 0.000 001 (a millionth) nano [n] 0.000 000 001 (a thousand millionth) pico [p] 0.000 000 000 001 = 10^-12 femto [f] 0.000 000 000 000 001 = 10^-15 atto [a] 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10^-18 zepto [z] 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10^-21 yocto [y] 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10^-24 [*] the symbol used here is the Greek letter known as 'mu' All of the S I prefixes are multiples or sub-multiples of 1000. However, these are inconvenient for many purposes and so hecta (x 100), deca (x 10), deci (x 0.1), and centi (x 0.01) are also used. Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document  Conventions of Usage in the S I There are various rules laid down for the use of the SI and its units as well as some observations to be made that will help in its correct use. Any unit may take only ONE prefix. For example 'millimillimetre' is incorrect and should be written as 'micrometre'. Prefixes which make a unit bigger are written in capital letters (M G T etc.), but when they make a unit smaller then lower case (m n p etc.) is used. The one exception to this is kilo [k] to avoid any possible confusion with kelvin [K]. A unit which is named after a person is written all in lower case (newton, volt, pascal etc.) when named in full, but using a capital letter (N V P etc.) when abbreviated. An exception to this rule is the litre which, if written as a lower case 'l' could be mistaken for a '1' (one) and so a capital 'L' is allowed as an alternative. Units written in abbreviated form are never pluralised. So 'm' could always be either 'metre' or 'metres'. 'ms' would represent 'metre second'. To make numbers easier to read they may be divided into groups of 3 separated by spaces (or half-spaces) but NOT commas. The SI preferred way of showing a decimal fraction is to use a comma (123,456) to separate the whole number from its fractional part. The practice of using a point, as is common in English-speaking countries, is acceptable providing only that the point is placed ON the line of the bottom edge of the numbers (123.456). It will be noted that many units are eponymous, that is they are named after persons. This is always someone who was prominent in the early work done within the field in which the unit is used. Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document  A Brief History of Measurement One of the earliest types of measurement concerned that of length. These measurements were usually based on parts of the body. A well documented example (the first) is the Egyptian cubit which was derived from the length of the arm from the elbow to the outstretched finger tips. By 2500 BC this had been standardised in a royal master cubit made of black marble (about 52 cm). This cubit was divided into 28 digits (roughly a finger width) which could be further divided into fractional parts, the smallest of these being only just over a millimetre. In England units of measurement were not properly standardised until the 13th century, though variations (and abuses) continued until long after that. For example, there were three different gallons (ale, wine and corn) up until 1824 when the gallon was standardised. In the U S A the system of weights and measured first adopted was that of the English, though a few differences came in when decisions were made at the time of standardisation in 1836. For instance, the wine-gallon of 231 cubic inches was used instead of the English one (as defined in 1824) of about 277 cubic inches. The U S A also defined a separate dry gallon of about 269 cubic inches. Even as late as the middle of the 20th century there were some differences in UK and US measures which were nominally the same. The UK inch measured 2.53998 cm while the US inch was 2.540005 cm. Both were standardised at 2.54 cm in July 1959. In France the metric system officially started in June 1799 with the declared intent of being 'For all people, for all time'. The unit of length was the metre which was defined as being one ten-millionth part of a quarter of the earth's circumference. The production of this standard required a very careful survey to be done which took several years. However, as more accurate instruments became available so the 'exactness' of the standard was called into question. Later efforts were directed at finding some absolute standard based on an observable physical phenomenon. Over two centuries this developed into the S I. So maybe their original slogan was more correct than anyone could have foreseen then. Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document  Metric System of Measurements Length Area 10 millimetres = 1 centimetre 100 sq. mm = 1 sq. cm 10 centimetres = 1 decimeter 10 000 sq. cm = 1 sq. metre 10 decimetres = 1 metre 100 sq. metres = 1 are 10 metres = 1 dekametre 100 ares = 1 hectare 10 dekametres = 1 hectometre 10 000 sq. metres = 1 hectare 10 hectometres = 1 kilometre 100 hectares = 1 sq. kilometre 1000 metres = 1 kilometre 1 000 000 sq. metres = 1 sq. kilometre Capacity 10 millilitres = 1 centilitre Volume 10 centilitree = 1 decilitre 1000 cu. mm = 1 cu. cm 10 decilitres = 1 litre 1 000 000 cu. cm = 1 cu. metre 1000 litres = 1 cu. metre Mass 1000 grams = 1 kilogram 1000 kilograms = 1 tonne Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document  The U K (Imperial) System of Measurements Length Area 12 inches = 1 foot 144 sq. inches = 1 square foot 3 feet = 1 yard 9 sq. feet = 1 square yard 22 yards = 1 chain 4840 sq. yards = 1 acre 10 chains = 1 furlong 640 acres = 1 square mile 8 furlongs = 1 mile 5280 feet = 1 mile 1760 yards = 1 mile Capacity 20 fluid ounces = 1 pint Volume 4 gills = 1 pint 1728 cu. inches = 1 cubic foot 2 pints = 1 quart 27 cu. feet = 1 cubic yard 4 quarts = 1 gallon (8 pints) Mass 437.5 grains = 1 ounce Troy Weights 16 ounces = 1 pound (7000 grains) 24 grains = 1 pennyweight 14 pounds = 1 stone 20 pennyweights = 1 ounce (480 grains) 8 stones = 1 hundredweight [cwt] 12 ounces = 1 pound (5760 grains) 20 cwt = 1 ton (2240 pounds) Apothecaries' Measures Apothecaries' Weights 20 minims = 1 fl.scruple 20 grains = 1 scruple 3 fl.scruples = 1 fl.drachm 3 scruples = 1 drachm 8 fl.drachms = 1 fl.ounce 8 drachms = 1 ounce (480 grains) 20 fl.ounces = 1 pint 12 ounces = 1 pound (5760 grains) The old Imperial (now UK) system was originally defined by three standard measures - the yard, the pound and the gallon which were held in London. They are now defined by reference to the S I measures of the metre, the kilogram and the litre. These equivalent measures are exact. 1 yard = 0.9144 metres - same as US 1 pound = 0.453 592 37 kilograms - same as US 1 gallon = 4.546 09 litres Note particularly that the UK gallon is a different size to the US gallon so that NO liquid measures of the same name are the same size in the UK and US systems. Also that the ton(UK) is 2240 pounds while a ton(US) is 2000 pounds. These are also referred to as a long ton and short ton respectively. Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document  Metrication in the U K There have been three major Weights and Measures Acts in recent times (1963, 1976 and 1985) all gradually abolishing various units, as well re-defining the standards. All the Apothecaries' measures are gone, and of the Troy measures, only the ounce remains. Currently legislation has decreed that - From the 1st October 1995, for economic, public health, public safety and administrative purposes, only metric units are allowed EXCEPT that - pounds and ounces for weighing of goods sold from bulk pints and fluid ounces for beer, cider, waters, lemonades and fruit juices in RETURNABLE containers therms for gas supply fathoms for marine navigation may be used until 31st December 1999. The following may continue to be used WITHOUT time limit - miles, yards, feet and inches for road traffic signs and related measurements of speed and distance pints for dispensing draught beer and cider, and for milk in RETURNABLE containers acres for land registration purposes troy ounces for transactions in precious metals. Sports are exempt from all of this, but most of them have (voluntarily) changed their relevant regulations into statements of equivalent metric measures. The above only covers matters of trade. Consenting adults (in private) may use any units they please. Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document  The U S System of Measurements Most of the US system of measurements is the same as that for the UK. The biggest differences to be noted are in Capacity which has both liquid and dry measures as well as being based on a different standard - the US liquid gallon is smaller than the UK gallon. There is also a measurement known at the US survey foot. It is gradually being phased out as the maps and land plans are re-drawn under metrication. (The changeover is being made by putting 39.37 US survey feet = 12 metres) Length Area 12 inches = 1 foot 144 sq. inches = 1 square foot 3 feet = 1 yard 9 sq. feet = 1 square yard 220 yards = 1 furlong 4840 sq. yards = 1 acre 8 furlongs = 1 mile 640 acres = 1 square mile 5280 feet = 1 mile 1 sq.mile = 1 section 1760 yards = 1 mile 36 sections = 1 township Volume 1728 cu. inches = 1 cubic foot 27 cu. feet = 1 cubic yard Capacity (Dry) Capacity (Liquid) 16 fluid ounces = 1 pint 2 pints = 1 quart 4 gills = 1 pint 8 quarts = 1 peck 2 pints = 1 quart 4 pecks = 1 bushel 4 quarts = 1 gallon (8 pints) Mass 437.5 grains = 1 ounce Troy Weights 16 ounces = 1 pound (7000 grains) 24 grains = 1 pennyweight 14 pounds = 1 stone 20 pennyweights = 1 ounce (480 grains) 100 pounds = 1 hundredweight [cwt] 12 ounces = 1 pound (5760 grains) 20 cwt = 1 ton (2000 pounds) Apothecaries' Measures Apothecaries' Weights 60 minims = 1 fl.dram 20 grains = 1 scruple 8 fl.drams = 1 fl.ounce 3 scruples = 1 dram 16 fl.ounces = 1 pint 8 drams = 1 ounce (480 grains) 12 ounces = 1 pound (5760 grains) As with the UK system these measures were originally defined by physical standard measures - the yard, the pound, the gallon and the bushel.They are now all defined by reference to the S I measures of the metre, the kilogram and the litre. These equivalent measures are exact. 1 yard = 0.9144 metres - same as UK 1 pound = 0.453 592 37 kilograms - same as UK 1 gallon (liquid) = 3.785 411 784 litres 1 bushel (dry) = 35.239 070 166 88 litres Note particularly that the US gallon is a different size to the UK gallon so that NO liquid measures of the same name are the same size in the US and UK systems. Also that the ton(US) is 2000 pounds while a ton(UK) is 2240 pounds. These are also referred to as a short ton and long ton respectively. Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document Categories of Units HYPERLINK \l "length"length HYPERLINK \l "area"area HYPERLINK \l "volume"volume or capacity HYPERLINK \l "mass"mass HYPERLINK \l "spreadrateM"density, area HYPERLINK \l "masslength"density, line HYPERLINK \l "density"density, volume HYPERLINK \l "energy"energy HYPERLINK \l "force"force HYPERLINK \l "fuelconsumption"fuel consumption HYPERLINK \l "masslength"line density HYPERLINK \l "masslength"mass per unit length HYPERLINK \l "spreadrateM"mass per unit area HYPERLINK \l "density"mass per unit volume HYPERLINK \l "power"power HYPERLINK \l "pressure"pressure HYPERLINK \l "speed"speed HYPERLINK \l "spreadrateM"spread rate (by mass) HYPERLINK \l "spreadrateV"spread rate (by volume) HYPERLINK \l "pressure"stress HYPERLINK \l "torque"torque Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document  List of Units The units are listed in alphabetical order but scanning can be speeded up by selecting the initial letter of the unit from these individual letters or groups HYPERLINK \l "A"A - HYPERLINK \l "B"B - HYPERLINK \l "C"C - HYPERLINK \l "D"D - HYPERLINK \l "E"E - HYPERLINK \l "F"F - HYPERLINK \l "G"G - HYPERLINK \l "H"H - HYPERLINK \l "IJ"IJ - HYPERLINK \l "K"K - HYPERLINK \l "L"L - HYPERLINK \l "M"M HYPERLINK \l "N"N - HYPERLINK \l "O"O - HYPERLINK \l "PQ"PQ - HYPERLINK \l "R"R - HYPERLINK \l "S"S - HYPERLINK \l "T"T - HYPERLINK \l "UVW"UVW - HYPERLINK \l "XYZ"XYZ  A HYPERLINK \l "area"acres HYPERLINK \l "length"angstroms HYPERLINK \l "area"ares HYPERLINK \l "length"astronomical units HYPERLINK \l "pressure"atmospheres B HYPERLINK \l "length"barleycorns HYPERLINK \l "volume"barrels (oil) HYPERLINK \l "pressure"bars HYPERLINK \l "energy"British thermal units HYPERLINK \l "power"Btu/hour etc. HYPERLINK \l "volume"bushels C HYPERLINK \l "energy"calories HYPERLINK \l "power"calories per hour etc. HYPERLINK \l "mass"carats, metric HYPERLINK \l "energy"centigrade heat units HYPERLINK \l "volume"centilitres HYPERLINK \l "length"centimetres HYPERLINK \l "pressure"centimetres of mercury or water HYPERLINK \l "speed"centimetres per minute etc. HYPERLINK \l "length"chains (surveyors') HYPERLINK \l "area"circular inches HYPERLINK \l "volume"cubic (+ any units) HYPERLINK \l "spreadrateV"cubic measures per area HYPERLINK \l "length"cubits D HYPERLINK \l "volume"decilitres HYPERLINK \l "masslength"denier HYPERLINK \l "masslength"drex HYPERLINK \l "force"dynes E HYPERLINK \l "length"ells (UK) HYPERLINK \l "length"ems (pica) HYPERLINK \l "energy"ergs (energy) HYPERLINK \l "torque"ergs (torque) F HYPERLINK \l "length"fathoms HYPERLINK \l "length"feet HYPERLINK \l "pressure"feet of water HYPERLINK \l "speed"feet per hour etc. HYPERLINK \l "volume"fluid ounces HYPERLINK \l "energy"foot pounds-force HYPERLINK \l "power"foot pounds-force per minute etc. HYPERLINK \l "energy"foot poundals HYPERLINK \l "length"furlongs G HYPERLINK \l "volume"gallons HYPERLINK \l "spreadrateV"gallons per area HYPERLINK \l "energy"gigajoules HYPERLINK \l "power"gigawatts HYPERLINK \l "mass"grains HYPERLINK \l "density"grains per gallon HYPERLINK \l "mass"grams HYPERLINK \l "torque"gram-force centimetres HYPERLINK \l "spreadrateM"grams per area HYPERLINK \l "masslength"grams per cm HYPERLINK \l "density"grams per (any volume) H HYPERLINK \l "length"hands HYPERLINK \l "area"hectares HYPERLINK \l "area"hides HYPERLINK \l "power"horsepower HYPERLINK \l "energy"horsepower hours HYPERLINK \l "mass"hundredweights IJ HYPERLINK \l "length"inches HYPERLINK \l "pressure"inches of mercury or water HYPERLINK \l "spreadrateM"inches of rain (by mass) HYPERLINK \l "spreadrateV"inches of rain (by volume) HYPERLINK \l "speed"inches per minute etc. HYPERLINK \l "energy"joules HYPERLINK \l "power"joules per hour etc. K HYPERLINK \l "energy"kilocalories HYPERLINK \l "power"kilocalories per hour etc. HYPERLINK \l "force"kilograms-force HYPERLINK \l "energy"kilogram-force metres (energy) HYPERLINK \l "torque"kilogram-force metres (torque) HYPERLINK \l "power"kilogram-force metres per hour etc. HYPERLINK \l "pressure"kilogram-force per area HYPERLINK \l "mass"kilograms HYPERLINK \l "spreadrateM"kilograms per area HYPERLINK \l "masslength"kilograms per metre HYPERLINK \l "density"kilograms per volume HYPERLINK \l "energy"kilojoules HYPERLINK \l "power"kilojoules per hour etc. HYPERLINK \l "length"kilometres HYPERLINK \l "speed"kilometres per hour etc. HYPERLINK \l "fuelconsumption"kilometres per litre HYPERLINK \l "pressure"kilonewton per square metre HYPERLINK \l "force"kilonewtons HYPERLINK \l "pressure"kilopascals HYPERLINK \l "power"kilowatts HYPERLINK \l "energy"kilowatt hours HYPERLINK \l "mass"kips (weight) HYPERLINK \l "force"kips (force) HYPERLINK \l "pressure"kips per square inch HYPERLINK \l "speed"knots L HYPERLINK \l "length"leagues HYPERLINK \l "length"light years HYPERLINK \l "length"links (surveyors') HYPERLINK \l "volume"litres HYPERLINK \l "spreadrateV"litres per area M HYPERLINK \l "speed"Mach number HYPERLINK \l "energy"megajoules HYPERLINK \l "force"meganewtons HYPERLINK \l "pressure"meganewtons per square metre HYPERLINK \l "power"megawatts HYPERLINK \l "length"metres HYPERLINK \l "pressure"metres of water HYPERLINK \l "speed"metres per second etc. HYPERLINK \l "length"microns (=micrometres) HYPERLINK \l "length"miles HYPERLINK \l "fuelconsumption"miles per gallon HYPERLINK \l "speed"miles per hour etc. HYPERLINK \l "pressure"millibars HYPERLINK \l "masslength"milligrams per cm HYPERLINK \l "density"milligrams per (any volume) HYPERLINK \l "volume"millilitres HYPERLINK \l "pressure"millimetres of mercury or water HYPERLINK \l "spreadrateM"millimetres of rain (by mass) HYPERLINK \l "spreadrateV"millimetres of rain (by volume) N HYPERLINK \l "energy"newton metres (energy) HYPERLINK \l "torque"newton metres (torque) HYPERLINK \l "pressure"newtons (per area) HYPERLINK \l "force"newtons (force) HYPERLINK \l "mass"newtons (weight) O HYPERLINK \l "mass"ounces HYPERLINK \l "masslength"ounces per inch HYPERLINK \l "spreadrateM"ounces per area HYPERLINK \l "density"ounces per volume PQ HYPERLINK \l "length"parsecs HYPERLINK \l "pressure"pascals HYPERLINK \l "length"perch (=rods or poles) HYPERLINK \l "length"picas HYPERLINK \l "volume"pints HYPERLINK \l "length"points (printers') HYPERLINK \l "force"poundals HYPERLINK \l "pressure"poundals per square foot HYPERLINK \l "mass"pounds HYPERLINK \l "spreadrateM"pounds per area HYPERLINK \l "masslength"pounds per foot HYPERLINK \l "density"pounds per volume HYPERLINK \l "force"pounds-force HYPERLINK \l "torque"pound-force inches HYPERLINK \l "pressure"pounds-force per area HYPERLINK \l "volume"quarts R HYPERLINK \l "area"roods S HYPERLINK \l "mass"slugs (or g-pounds) HYPERLINK \l "mass"stones HYPERLINK \l "area"square (+ any units) HYPERLINK \l "area"squares (of timber) HYPERLINK \l "force"sthenes T HYPERLINK \l "masslength"tex HYPERLINK \l "energy"therms HYPERLINK \l "mass"tonnes HYPERLINK \l "torque"ton-force metres HYPERLINK \l "force"tonnes-force HYPERLINK \l "pressure"tonnes-force per area HYPERLINK \l "spreadrateM"tonnes per hectare HYPERLINK \l "masslength"tonnes per km HYPERLINK \l "density"tonnes per volume HYPERLINK \l "torque"ton-force feet HYPERLINK \l "mass"tons HYPERLINK \l "force"tons-force HYPERLINK \l "pressure"tons-force per area HYPERLINK \l "spreadrateM"tons per acre HYPERLINK \l "masslength"tons per mile HYPERLINK \l "density"tons per volume HYPERLINK \l "area"townships HYPERLINK \l "mass"troy ounce UVW HYPERLINK \l "energy"watt second HYPERLINK \l "energy"watt hours HYPERLINK \l "power"watts XYZ HYPERLINK \l "length"yards HYPERLINK \l "speed"yards per hour etc. Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document  Length The S I unit of length is the metre. To change any of these other units of length into their equivalent values in metres use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. Where some uncertainty is indicated it means that a good idea of the size of the unit can be given but that a better value would depend upon knowing the period and/or culture in which the unit was being used. angstroms divide by 10 000 000 000 # astronomical units x 149 598 550 000 barleycorns x 0.008 467 centimetres x 0.01 # chains (surveyors') x 20.1168 # cubits x (0.45 to 0.5) ells (UK) x 0.875 (but many variations) ems (pica) x 0.004 233 3 fathoms x 1.8288 # feet (UK and US) x 0.3048 # feet (US survey) x 0.3048 006 096 furlongs x 201.168 # hands x 0.106 # inches x 0.0254 # kilometres x 1000 # leagues x (4000 to 5000) light years x 9 460 500 000 000 000 links (surveyors') x 0.201 168 # metres [m] 1 microns (=micrometres) x 0.000 001 # miles (UK and US) x 1609.344 # miles (nautical) x 1852 # parsecs x 30 856 770 000 000 000 perch (=rods or poles) x 5.0292 # picas x 0.004 233 333 points (printers') x 0.000 352 777 yards x 0.9144 # Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document  Area The S I unit of area is the square metre. To change any of these other units of area into their equivalent values in square metres use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. Where some uncertainty is indicated it means that a good idea of the size of the unit can be given but that a better value would depend upon knowing the period and/or culture in which the unit was being used. acres x 4046.856 422 4 # ares x 100 # circular inches x 0.000 506 707 479 hectares x 10 000 # hides x 485 000 (with wide variations) roods x 1011.714 105 6 # square centimetres x 0.000 1 # square feet (UK and US) x 0.092 903 04 # square feet (US survey) x 0.092 903 411 613 square inches x 0.000 645 16 # square kilometres x 1 000 000 # square metres 1 square miles x 2 589 988.110 336 # square millimetres x 0.000 001 # squares (of timber) x 9.290 304 # square rods (or poles) x 25.292 852 64 # square yards x 0.836 127 36 # townships x 93 239 571.972 Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document  Volume or Capacity The S I unit of volume is the cubic metre. However, this seems to be much less used than the litre (1000 litres = 1 cubic metre).To change any of these other units of volume into their equivalent values in litres use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. barrels (oil) x 158.987 294 928 # bushels (UK) x 36.368 72 # bushels, dry (US) x 35.239 070 166 88 # centilitres x 0.01 # cubic centimetres x 0.001 # cubic decimetres 1 cubic dekametres x 1 000 000 # cubic feet x 28.316 846 592 # cubic inches x 0.016 387 064 # cubic metres x 1000 # cubic millimetres x 0.000 001 # cubic yards x 764.554 857 984 # decilitres x 0.1 # fluid ounces (UK) x 0.028 413 062 5 # fluid ounces (US) x 0.029 573 534 562 5 # gallons (UK) x 4.546 09 # gallons, dry (US) x 4.404 883 770 86 # gallons, liquid (US) x 3.785 411 784 # litres [l or L] 1 millitres x 0.001 # pints (UK) x 0.568 261 25 # pints, dry (US) x 0.550 610 471 357 5 # pints, liquid (US) x 0.473 176 473 # quarts (UK) x 1.136 522 5 # quarts, dry (US) x 1.101 220 942 715 # quarts, liquid (US) x 0.946 352 946 # Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document  Mass (or Weight) The S I unit of mass is the kilogram. To change any of these other units of mass into their equivalent values in kilograms use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. carats, metric x 0.000 2 # grains x 0.000 064 798 91 # grams x 0.001 # hundredweights, long x 50.802 345 44 # hundredweights, short x 45.359 237 # kilograms [kg] 1 kips x 453.592 37 # newtons divide by 9.806 65 # ounces, avoirdupois x 0.028 349 523 125 # ounces, troy x 0.031 103 476 8 # pounds x 0.453 592 37 # slugs (or g-pounds) x 0.068 521 stones x 6.350 293 18 # tons (UK or long) x 1016.046 908 8 # tons (US or short) x 907.184 74 # tonnes x 1000 # Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document  Line density Line density is a measure of mass per unit length. The S I compatible unit of line density is kilograms/metre. A major use of line density is in the textile industry to indicate the coarseness of a yarn or fibre. For that purpose the SI unit is rather large so the preferred unit there is the tex. (1 tex = 1 gram/kilometre) To change any of these other units of line density into their equivalent values in kilograms/metre use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. denier divide by 9 000 000 # drex divide by 10 000 000 # grams/centimetre divide by 10 # grams/kilometre (tex) divide by 1 000 000 # grams/metre divide by 1000 # grams/millimetre 1 kilograms/kilometre divide by 1000 # kilograms/metre 1 milligrams/centimetre divide by 10 000 # milligrams/millimetre divide by 1000 # ounces/inch x 1.116 125 ounces/foot x 0.093 01 pounds/inch x 17.858 pounds/foot x 1.488 164 pounds/yard x 0.496 055 pounds/mile x 0.000 281 849 tex divide by 1 000 000 # tons(UK)/mile x 0.631 342 tons(US)/mile x 0.563 698 tonnes/kilometre 1 Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document  Density Density is the shortened term generally used in place of the more accurate description volumetric density.It is a measure of mass per unit volume. The S I compatible unit of density is kilograms/cubic metre. However, this a rather large unit for most purposes (iron is over 7000, wood is about 600 and even cork is over 200). A much more useful size of unit is kilograms/litre (for which the previous values then become 7, 0.6 and 0.2 respectively). This unit also has the great advantage of being numerically unchanged for grams/cubic centimetre and tonnes/cubic metre. To change any of these other units of density into their equivalent values in kilograms/litre use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. grains/gallon(UK) divide by 70 156 grains/gallon(US) divide by 58 418 grams/cubic centimetre 1 grams/litre divide by 1000 # grams/millilitre 1 kilograms/cubic metre divide by 1000 # milligrams/millitre divide by 1000 # milligrams/litre divide by 1 000 000 # kilograms/litre 1 ounces/cubic inch x 1.729 994 044 ounces/gallon(UK) x 0.006 236 023 ounces/gallon(US) x pounds/cubic inch x 27.679 904 pounds/cubic foot x 0.016 018 463 pounds/gallon(UK) x 0.099 776 373 pounds/gallon(US) x 0.119 826 427 tonnes/cubic metre 1 tons(UK)/cubic yard x 1.328 939 184 tons(US)/cubic yard x 1.186 552 843 Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document  Energy or work The S I unit of energy or work is the joule. To change any of these other units of energy or work into their equivalent values in joules use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. British thermal units divide by 1055.75 # calories divide by 4.1868 # centigrade heat units x 1900.4 ergs divide by 10 000 000 # foot pounds-force x 1.355 817 foot poundals x 0.042 140 gigajoules [GJ] x 1000 000 000 # horsepower hours x 2 684 520 joules [J] 1 kilocalories divide by 4186.8 # kilogram-force metres x 9.806 65 # kilojoules [kJ] x 1000 # kilowatt hours [kWh] x 3 600 000 # megajoules [MJ] x 1 000 000 # newton metres [Nm] x 1 # therms x 105 575 000 # watt seconds [Ws] 1 watt hours [Wh] x 3600 # Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document  Force The S I unit of force is the newton. To change any of these other units of force into their equivalent values in newtons use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. dynes divide by 100 000 # kilograms force x 9.806 65 # kilonewtons [kN] x 1000 # kips x 4448.222 meganewtons [MN] x 1 000 000 # newtons [N] 1 pounds force x 4.448 222 poundals x 0.138 255 sthenes (=kN) x 1000 tonnes force x 9806.65 # tons(UK) force x 9964.016 tons(US) force x 8896.443 Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document  Fuel Consumption Fuel consumption of any means of transport (car, aeroplane, ship etc.) that uses fuel is a measure giving the relationship between the distance travelled for an amount of fuel used. The most common example is the car where it is usually expressed (in English-speaking countries) in miles per gallon. It could also be expressed in gallons per mile. However, for a car the latter method gives a rather small figure: 35 miles per gallon is about 0.0286 gallons per mile. In that case it would be better to give a figure for 100 miles, so it would be 2.86 gallons per 100 miles. That is the metric way of expressing fuel consumption - as litres per 100 kilometres. The rules below give a way of converting some of these different forms of measurement of fuel consumption. All the values are given to an accuracy of 4 significant figures. To change into miles per gallon (UK) miles per gallon (US) multiply by 0.833 miles per gallon (UK) miles per litre multiply by 0.22 miles per litre miles per gallon (UK) multiply by 4.456 miles per gallon (UK) kilometres per litre multiply by 0.354 miles per gallon (US) miles per gallon (UK) multiply by 1.2 miles per gallon (US) miles per litre multiply by 0.2642 miles per litre miles per gallon (US) multiply by 3.785 miles per gallon (US) kilometres per litre multiply by 0.4251 X miles per gallon gallons per 100 miles, divide 100 by X (both gallons must of the same type) X miles per gallon (UK) litres per 100 miles, divide 282.5 by X X miles per gallon (US) litres per 100 miles, divide 235.2 by X Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document  Power The S I unit of power is the watt. To change any of these other units of energy or work into their equivalent values in watts use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. Btu/hour x 0.293 071 Btu/minute x 17.584 263 Btu/second x 1055.055 calories/hour x 0.001 639 calories/minute x 0.069 78 calories/second x 4.1868 ft lb-force/minute x 0.022 597 ft lb-force/second x 1.355 82 gigawatts [GW] x 1 000 000 000 horsepower x 745.7 watts [W] 1 joules/hour divide by 3600 # joules/minute divide by 60 # joules/second 1 kilocalories/hour x 1.163 kilocalories/minute x 69.78 kg-force metres/hour x 0.002 724 kg-force metres/minute x 0.163 444 kiowatts [kW] x 1000 # megawatts [MW] x 1 000 000 # Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document  Pressure or Stress The S I unit of pressure is the pascal. The units of pressure are defined in the same way as those for stress - force/unit area. To change any of these other units of pressure (or stress) into their equivalent values in pascals use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. atmospheres x 101 325 bars x 100 000 # centimetres of mercury x 1333.22 centimetres of water x 98.066 5 # feet of water x 2989.066 92 # inches of water x 249.088 91 # inches of mercury x 3386.388 kg-force/sq.centimetre x 98 066 5 # kg-force/sq.metre x 9.806 65 # kilonewton/sq.metre x 1000 # kilopascal [kPa] x 1000 # kips/sq.inch x 6 894 760 meganewtons/sq.metre x 1 000 000 # metres of water x 9806.65 # millibars x 100 # pascals [Pa] 1 millimetres of mercury x 133.322 millimetres of water x 9.806 65 # newtons/sq.centimetre x 10 000 newtons/sq.metre 1 newtons/sq.millimetre x 1 000 000 # pounds-force/sq.foot x 47.880 pounds-force/sq.inch x 6894.757 poundals/sq.foot x 1.448 16 tons(UK)-force/sq.foot x 107 251 tons(UK)-force/sq.inch x 15 444 256 tons(US)-force/sq.foot x 95 760 tons(US)-force/sq.inch x 13 789 500 tonnes-force/sq.cm x 98 066 500 # tonnes-force/sq.metre x 9806.65 # Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document  Speed The S I compatible unit of speed is metres/second. To change any of these other units of speed into their equivalent values in metres/second use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. centimetres/minute divide by 6000 # centimetres/second divide by 100 # feet/hour divide by 11 811 feet/minute x 0.0005 08 # feet/second x 0.3048 # inches/minute divide by 2362.2 inches/second x 0.0254 # kilometres/hour divide by 0.06 # kilometres/second x 1000 # knots x 0.514 444 Mach number x 331.5 metres/hour divide by 3600 # metres/minute divide by 60 # metres/second [m/s] 1 miles/hour x 0.447 04 # miles/minute x 26.8224 # miles/second x 1609.344 # yards/hour divide by 3937 yards/minute x 0.015 24 yards/second x 0.9144 # Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document  Spread Rate (by mass) The spread rate of a substance is a measure of how much of it there is covering a unit area. The 'how much' can be measured by volume or by mass. The S I compatible unit of spread rate by mass is kilograms/square metre. It is also a measure of area density (mass/unit area) and is similar to - but not the same as - pressure, which is force/unit area. For the rainfall conversions a density of 1 kg/litre has been assumed. To change any of these other units of spread rate into their equivalent values in kilograms/square metre use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. grams/sq.centimetre x 10 # grams/sq.metre divide by 1000 # inches of rainfall x 2.54 kilograms/hectare divide by 10 000 # kilograms/sq.centimetre x 10 000 # milligrams/sq.metre divide by 1000 # millimetres of rainfall 1 kilograms/sq.metre 1 ounces/sq.foot x 0.305 152 ounces/sq.inch x 43.942 ounces/sq.yard divide by 49.494 pounds/acre divide by 8921.791 pounds/sq.foot x 4.882 428 pounds/sq.inch x 703.07 pounds/sq.yard x 0.542 492 tonnes/hectare divide by 10 # tons(UK)/acre divide by 3.982 942 tons(US)/acre divide by 4.460 896 Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document  Spread Rate (by volume) The spread rate of a substance is a measure of how much of it there is covering a unit area. The 'how much' can be measured by volume or by mass. The S I compatible unit of spread rate by volume is cubic metres/square metre. However, this is a rather large unit for most purposes and so litres/square metre is often preferred. To change any of these other units of spread rate into their equivalent values in litres/square metre use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. cubic feet/acre divide by 142.913 cubic inches/sq.yard divide by 51.024 cubic yards/sq.mile divide by 3387.577 cubic metres/hectare divide by 10 # cubic metres/sq.km divide by 1000 # cubic metres/sq.metre x 1000 # fl. ounces(UK)/sq.yard divide by 29.428 litres/square metre 1 gallons(UK)/acre divide by 890.184 gallons(US)/acre divide by 1069.066 gallons(UK)/hectare divide by 2199.692 gallons(US)/hectare divide by 2641.721 inches of rainfall x 25.4 # litres/hectare divide by 10 000 # millitres/sq.metre divide by 1000 # millimetres of rainfall 1 Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document  Torque The S I compatible unit of torque is the newton metre. To change any of these other units of torque into their equivalent values in newton metres use the operation and conversion factor given. Those marked with # are exact. Other values are given to an appropriate degree of accuracy. ergs (= dyne cm) divide by 10 000 000 # gram-force centimetres x 0.000 098 066 5 # kg-force centimetres x 0.098 066 5 # kg-force metres x 9.806 5 # newton centimetres divide by 100 # newton metres [Nm] 1 ounce-force inches divide by 141.612 pound-force inches x 0.112 984 pound-force feet x 1.355 818 poundal feet x 0.042 140 ton(UK)-force feet x 3 037.032 ton(US)-force feet x 2 711.636 tonne-force metres x 9 806.65 # Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document  Other Sources Conversion Tables of Units for Science and Engineering by Ari L Horvath Macmillan Reference Books, London, 1986 (147 pages) ISBN 0 333 40857 8 Probably the most comprehensive set of conversion factors in print, covering both old and modern units. There are 77 tables covering categories from Length to Radiation dosage. The Length table alone lists 107 units together with the conversion factors needed to change each one into metres. The Dent Dictionary of Measurement by Darton and Clark J M Dent, London, 1994 (538 pages) ISBN 0 460 861379 Very comprehensive coverage of all kinds of units (including currencies), ordered in conventional dictionary form, and giving several conversion factors. The Economist Desk Companion Random Century, London, 1992 (272 pages) ISBN 0 7126 9816 7 A handy compendium of units used in Science, Medicine, Engineering, Industry, Commerce, Finance and many other places, together with all the necessary conversion factors. There is also much other incidental (but related) information. The Encyclopaedia Britannica The modern E B has many references to units, but extensive use needs to be made of the index to find them all. It gives a wide selection of weights and measures from countries around the world and the appropriate conversion factors. World Weights and Measures Statistical Office of the United Nations, New York 1955 (225 pages) A very comprehensive survey of each country in the world (as it was then) from Aden to Zanzibar, giving the units used in each for Length, Area and Capacity with their British and Metric equivalents. There is an appendix on the measures used for selected commodities. Currencies are also given. The indexes are very thorough. The Weights and Measures of England by R D Connor H M S O, London, 1987 (422 pages) ISBN 0 460 86137 9 A scholarly and detailed account of the history of the development of the British (Imperial) system of weights and measures from the earliest times. British Weights and Measures by R E Zupko A history from Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century The University of Wisconsin Press, 1977 [248 pages] ISBN 0 299 07340 8 The actual history occupies only 100 pages. There is then an extensive list of the various units used in commerce, tables of many pre-Imperial units, a long list of pre-metric measures used in Europe together with their British and metric equivalents, and nearly 40 pages giving other sources. The World of Measurements by H Arthur Klein Allen and Unwin, London, 1975 (736 pages) ISBN 0 04 500024 7 A very readable and comprehensive account of the history of units used in measuring, from the earliest known beginnings and around the world. On the World Wide Web There is an HYPERLINK "http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/general/units.html"interactive program (in Germany) which actually does the necessary calculation in order to change the value in one type of unit to its equivalent value in another type of unit. It also deals with a wide range of currencies. Exchange rates for a wide range of currencies against any one single currency can be obtained from HYPERLINK " http://www.gnn.com/cgi-bin/gnn/currency"this program (in the USA) which (it is claimed) is updated weekly. International Standards Organisation [I S O] This organisation (based in switzerland) is responsible for the world-wide publication of standards for just about anything for which standards can be set. Whilst none of the actual data is online, details of the work of ISO and the publications they produce are. Amongst many documents on offer there are - HYPERLINK "http://www.iso.ch/index.html"An introduction to the I S O and its activities HYPERLINK " http://www.iso.ch/infoe.catinfo.html"A general index which provides an overview of all catalogues HYPERLINK "http://www.iso.ch/cate/010610.html"A list of its publications dealing with all units in general use HYPERLINK " http://www.iso.ch/cate/010620.html"A list of its publications dealing with units in specific technical fields Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document  Notes Errors Whilst every care has been taken in the compilation of this document, and many checks have been carried out, the possibility of an error is always present in a work like this and that must be borne in mind by all users. The author would be glad to be told of any errors detected. Accuracy In a general dictionary like this it is impossible to know just what accuracy is needed by any particular user. Where the given value is an exact one then it has been signalled. In most cases other values are accurate to at least the number of significant figures shown. In some cases it might be more than that as trailing zeros have not been included. Presentation The conversion factors have mainly been presented as multipliers, but exceptions to that have been made for two reasons. First, it is easier to convey the exact value 'divide by 60' rather than the approximation 'multiply by 0.0166667' and it is more likely to be keyed in without errors if a calculator is being used. Second, most calculators accept only 8 digits, which means that 'multiply by 0.000 084 666' will become '0.000 0846' (3 significant figures) whereas 'divide by 11 811' will give the result to 6 significant figures. The appearance of a '1' needs no operator but shows that the named unit is exactly equivalent to the standard unit. Inverse usage In nearly all cases the conversion factors have been given to change 'non-standard' units into standard units of the SI. For those cases where it is necessary to do a conversion the other way it is only a matter of reversing the operation. For example to convert feet into metres you multiply by 0.3048 so, to convert metres into feet you divide by 0.3048. Following on from this it can be seen how conversions can be made between non-standard units, changing first into the standard unit and then back into the required unit. Symbols In a few places it will be noticed that some symbols have not been displayed. This a limitation imposed by the current state of HTML and/or the browers being used to read this document. This also applies to notation such as the superscripts 2 and 3 in matters of area and volume. Further developments (in both the language and the browers) should allow this situation to be improved in later editions. Feedback Clearly there are many more categories and units that could be included. However, for a 'start-up' document only those most commonly met with have been covered. Suggestions for inclusion in the future would be looked at with interest. This document could be growing for some time yet. Queries, comments, corrections and contributions will be welcomed by Frank Tapson at: ftapson@exeter.ac.uk Return to HYPERLINK \l "top"the top of this document  Publishing history First placed online 19th June 1995. Updates: nil _ >UVWJ#$89:GH!"@AYZ[gh{|/jUjUj+UjUjEUjUjsU0JjU jU5jUhmHnH0J'@?UWLj @ A j K 6suv v%?UWLj @ A j K 6suv/=^izupkfep 9G`b@  ! k   J   - jxzS &/01?@EFXYZop ! " # 8 9 A K L e f g r s jUj{UjU6CJCJjUhmHnHjUj0UjUj\UjU0J jUjU>ABUVW^_st !/<]^h=?~Z[nopwx<@Q17W]|LTjotzjU60J'5jUhmHnHj_U0J jUTv/=^iPddddP7@P 7!w!!!8"}zupkfa    X ?OX&t%zl=B67?   Z[nopwx k""""" #S#b#####:%%%%& &&&"&F&G&Z&[&\&j U6CJCJjUhmHnHjU0Jj1U jU65O7@P 7!w!!!8""" # #b### v%dddd8""" # #b###6$w$$$:%<&x&z&{&&-''()n**',,%-'-(-G-p/}02255556^667T7}zwtqnllll ,.j/#TVT NSU    Y   - o    W*#6$w$$$:%<&x&z&{&&-''()n**',,%-'-(-G-p/}02255dd v%\&c&d&x&y&,,-- ---%-&-5555555556+616Y6^6(91999::;;;;;;;;;;; <<6<:<>%>>>??'@4@mAAAABCCEEEEEEEEEJJKj U5jH U5CJCJj Ujv UjUhmHnH jU0JK5556^667T777S888819990:::: ;Z;;;;;;S< v%T777S888819990:::: ;Z;;;;;;S<<<<====%>o>>?{???4@@@6AaAbAAA9BBBCEEEEEGGGFH]H|HHHDIIIIJJ/KK  >      3Zy       -  BS<<<<====%>o>>?{???4@@@6AaAbAAA9BBBCEEE v%EEEGGGFH]H|HHHDIIIIJJ/K1K2KQK8MMM%NnNNOaO v% & FKKKKK/K0K8MHMNMlMpMOOOOP)PQQQQ6SLS\SrSTUUWWWWWWWWWWWWXXXXXXXXX X!X7X8X9XKXLXMXNXbXcXdXhXiXjXkXXXj Uj5 Uj Uj[ Uj Uj U55CJCJjUhmHnH0J jUj UC/K1K2KQK8MMM%NnNNOaOzOOOOO)PuPPQvQwQQQORRS+S,SrSSSRTTUWWWX XMXjXXXXY.YbYYYY"ZAZfZZZZĿIhAl 7d 9aOzOOOOO)PuPPQvQwQQQORRS+S,SrSSSRTTUWWWXdd v%X XMXjXXXXY.YbYYYY"ZAZfZZZZ[5[q[s[t[[ \L]^^ddXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYYY YYYY%Y&Y'Y,Y-Y.Y/YNYOYPY`YaYbYcY}Y~YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY Z Z Z Z!Z"Z#Z8ZjUjLUjUj^UjUjpUjUjUjU0J jUE8Z9Z:Z?Z@ZAZBZZZ[Z\ZdZeZfZgZ|Z}Z~ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ [ [ [[[[[+[,[-[3[4[?[@[S[T[U[\[][q[r[ \!\2\3\4\5\6\9\:\jUjUhmHnHjWUjUjuUjUjUjUjU0J jUj6U@Z[5[q[s[t[[ \L]^^ ^"^@^d^^^^^^^'_H_x______`>`n````+aYa˧˃~ytoje`.T ^8_ IJr  []$:\K\L\M\N\O\R\S\d\e\f\g\h\k\l\}\~\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\]]]]]]]]]].]/]0]jUjOUjUjUjUjUjTUjUjU0J jUj%UB0]1]2]5]6]G]H]I]J]K]L]M]^]_]`]a]b]e]f]w]x]y]z]{]~]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]^^^^^^^^jGUjUjyUjUjUjHUjUj~UjU jU0JB^^"^#^7^8^9^>^?^@^A^W^X^Y^b^c^d^e^y^z^{^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^____%_&_'_(_@_A_B_F_G_H_I___`_a_v_w_x_j(!Uj UjF UjUjdUjUjUjU0JjU jUjUhmHnHA^ ^"^@^d^^^^^^^'_H_x______`>`n````+aYaaaddx_y_________________________````,`-`.`<`=`>`?`U`V`W`l`m`n`o`````````````````````` a ajz%Uj%Uj$Uj)$Uj#UjO#Uj"Ujs"Uj"U0Jj!U jUB aa)a*a+a,aBaCaDaWaXaYaZanaoapaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaabb b b!b"b#b-b.b/b0bJbKbLbRbSbTbUbobpbqbubvbwbxbbbbbbbbbju)Uj(Uj(Uj(Uj'Uj0'Uj&UjV&Uj%U0J jUEYaaaabb b/bTbwbbbbbb c2c3c5cWcvccccdZdddddddeBeaeeeܽܣ{uܣpkfa\Ed z@g e r Ai$aabb b/bTbwbbbbbb c2c3c5cWcvccccdZddddddddbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbc c c c!c"c#c0c1c5c6cLcMcNcUcVcWcXcncocpctcucvcwcccccccccccccccccccccc d d ddj-Uj\-Uj,Uj|,Uj ,Uj+Uj/+Uj*UjQ*U0J jUj)UBddd d5d6d7dXdYdZd[dqdrdsddddddddddddddddddddddddddeeeeee e5e6e7e@eAeBeCeWeXeYe_e`eaebeyeze{eeeeeej1UjI1Uj0Ujm0Uj/Uj/Uj/Uj.U0Jj:.U jUCddeBeaeeee f6fhfifkfffffg@gAgDgegggh>h_hhhddeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee f f f f&f'f(f4f5f6f7fNfOfPfffgfkflfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffggggj6Uj5Uj:5Uj4Uj`4Uj3Ujx3Uj2Uj2U0J jUj%2UBee f6fhfifkfffffg@gAgDgegggh>h_hhhhhhiMiiiijKj}jjþ܅{vqlgb]XCuAz 3m )P{ >p"gggg.g/g0g>g?gDgEg[g\g]gcgdgegfg~ggggggggggggggggg h hhh$h%h&hh?hUhVhWh]h^h_h`huhvhwhhhhhhhhhhhhhj :Uj9Uj-9Uj8UjG8Uj7Uj[7Uj6U0Jj6U jUChhhhiMiiiijKj}jjjk)k[kkkkl;ldllllmmmddhhhhhhhiiiiiii+i,i-iKiLiMiNidieifiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii j jjjjjj5j6j7jIjJjKjLjfjgjhj{j|j}j~jjjjjjk>Uj=Uj{=Uj=Uj<Uj0<Uj;UjR;Uj:U0J jUjx:UBjjjjjjjjjjjjjjkkkkkkk'k(k)k*k?k@kAkYkZk[k\k{k|k}kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkk l l lllll.l/l0l9l:l;lU jUCjjk)k[kkkkl;ldllllmmm%mKmxmmmmmmn:nsnnnnoDodooĿ|wrmhc^Ye3V W9h *Sv3e"RlSlTlblcldlelylzl{llllllllllllllllllllllllmmmmm#m$m%m&mmImJmKmLmbmcmdmvmwmxmymmmmmmmmmmmmjFUjIFUjEUjkEUjDUjDUjDUjCUjDCU0J jUjBUBm%mKmxmmmmmmn:nsnnnnoDodoooopRpxppp0q1q3qddmmmmmmmmmmmnn nnnnn+n,n-n8n9n:n;nSnTnUnqnrnsntnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnoooo*o+o,oBoCoDoEo[ojJUjsTsUsVs[s\s]s^stsusvs{s|s}s~ssssssssssssssssssstttttttt t!ttMtjWUjWUjVUj7VUjUUjYUUjTUj{TUjTU0J jUjSUBMtNtOtPtjtktlt{t|t}t~ttttttttttttttttttttttuuu-u.u/u0uFuGuHuNuOuSuTuhuiujuouputuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuujw[Uj [UjZUj2ZUjYUjPYUjXUjrXU0JjWU jUC}tttt/uPuQuSuqurutuuuuv9v:vw?wQwj_UjR_Uj^Ujv^Uj ^Uj]Uj%]Uj\UjM\U0J jUj[UBQwRwSwTwnwowpw}w~wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwx x xxxxx/x0x1xDxExFxGxbxcxdxqxrxsxtxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxjcUjYcUjbUjmbUjbUjaUj&aUj`U0Jj>`U jUCxxxyyy:y_y~yyyyy zzzz{8|{|||1}q}}}8~9~t~ v%ddxxxxxxxyyy yyyy+y,y-y8y9y:y;yQyRySy]y^y_y`yuyvywy|y}yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy zz5z:ztzzzz{{{}CJ65jUhmHnHj>gUjfUjbfUjeUjeUjeUjdU0J jUjAdUAxyyy:y_y~yyyyy zzzz{8|{|||1}q}}}8~9~t~~~+f(fʀE~ǁB#[8{<}ԇe*k¿  pr  +NG}}ʀǂȂۂ܂݂(`ʃЃބ!8ԇʉˉ̉Ӊԉ[`Ҋ _7"#$+,@ApxΒ[jhUjyhUjhU65jUhmHnH0JjgU jU5CJCJ6CJJt~~~+f(fʀE~ǁB#[ v%8{<}ԇe*k_'`̌  v%_'`̌ MɍKǎLӏ7q<|‘@BCT[ܓX:ŕ Jǖ IΗIϚWʛ˛A4p2nܞ#H̢?q ^ MɍKǎLӏ7q<|‘@BCT[ v%ܓX:ŕ Jǖ IΗIϚW v%,;QuÙܞzܟ Hj#$[` J_zͬά2Nۭ'BjjUjiU6jUhmHnH0JjKiU jU5CJCJ5Lʛ˛A4p2nܞ#H̢?q v%9RŤ8u5g#%&5JѨ Qɩ FGyz3q%XͬϬЬۭ֬\ЮAB~-h߰8]F/϶жlm IKLR\չL7w _9RŤ8u5g#%&5JѨ Qɩ FG v%Gyz3q%XͬϬЬۭ֬\ЮAB~- v%-h߰8]F/϶жlm IKLR\ v%°ðʰ˰߰8ضٶuvŷƷ +,-45IJosϸ\Ȼ01fl )qwPk QsVjkUjXkU5CJ5jjU6CJCJjUhmHnH0J jUjjUK\չL7w$cͼA}023F v%$cͼA}023F,f"]I78jkM:t'fA;|1m%>pq'f1E|;mnW ^,f"]I78jkM:t' v%'fA;|1m%>pq'f v%Vq @0129:NO/H]c{ Egl1<=PQRYZno6X@\jemUjlUjlU5jUhmHnH0Jj*lU jUCJ5CJM1E|;mnWKNP v%WKNPQi%h!bc^^;;TA}12npq6@77O:hlþd oj::1; GPQi%h!bc^^; v%;TA}2npq6@77O: v%7Z7Sb $%lmn :f,-.jklm[\gh{|}jUhmHnHj9rUjqUjpUjpUjooU0J'>*jnU0JjmU jU65D:hl],9z FHdddddd],9z FH[½ TV"cpgi#V[,8$*z)*+23FGjUhmHnH0JjrU jU5H[+0P. A!"#$n%sDyK  categorykDyK listgDyK SIuDyK  standardsqDyK derivedsDyK  prefixeswDyK  conventionqDyK historyoDyK metricgDyK UKmDyK MetUKgDyK USkDyK refskDyK noteuDyK  standardssDyK  prefixesqDyK derivediDyK topiDyK topsDyK  prefixesiDyK topiDyK topiDyK topiDyK topiDyK topiDyK topiDyK topiDyK topoDyK lengthkDyK areaoDyK volumekDyK massyDyK  spreadrateMwDyK  masslengthqDyK densityoDyK energymDyK forceDyK fuelconsumptionwDyK  masslengthwDyK  masslengthyDyK  spreadrateMqDyK densitymDyK powersDyK  pressuremDyK speedyDyK  spreadrateMyDyK  spreadrateVsDyK  pressureoDyK torqueiDyK topeDyK AeDyK BeDyK CeDyK DeDyK EeDyK FeDyK GeDyK HgDyK IJeDyK KeDyK LeDyK MeDyK NeDyK OgDyK PQeDyK ReDyK SeDyK TiDyK UVWiDyK XYZkDyK areaoDyK lengthkDyK areaoDyK lengthsDyK  pressureoDyK lengthoDyK volumesDyK  pressureoDyK energymDyK poweroDyK volumeoDyK energymDyK powerkDyK massoDyK energyoDyK volumeoDyK lengthsDyK  pressuremDyK speedoDyK lengthkDyK areaoDyK volumeyDyK  spreadrateVoDyK lengthoDyK volumewDyK  masslengthwDyK  masslengthmDyK forceoDyK lengthoDyK lengthoDyK energyoDyK torqueoDyK lengthoDyK lengthsDyK  pressuremDyK speedoDyK volumeoDyK energymDyK poweroDyK energyoDyK lengthoDyK volumeyDyK  spreadrateVoDyK energymDyK powerkDyK massqDyK densitykDyK massoDyK torqueyDyK  spreadrateMwDyK  masslengthqDyK densityoDyK lengthkDyK areakDyK areamDyK poweroDyK energykDyK massoDyK lengthsDyK  pressureyDyK  spreadrateMyDyK  spreadrateVmDyK speedoDyK energymDyK poweroDyK energymDyK powermDyK forceoDyK energyoDyK torquemDyK powersDyK  pressurekDyK massyDyK  spreadrateMwDyK  masslengthqDyK densityoDyK energymDyK poweroDyK lengthmDyK speedDyK fuelconsumptionsDyK  pressuremDyK forcesDyK  pressuremDyK poweroDyK energykDyK massmDyK forcesDyK  pressuremDyK speedoDyK lengthoDyK lengthoDyK lengthoDyK volumeyDyK  spreadrateVmDyK speedoDyK energymDyK forcesDyK  pressuremDyK poweroDyK lengthsDyK  pressuremDyK speedoDyK lengthoDyK lengthDyK fuelconsumptionmDyK speedsDyK  pressurewDyK  masslengthqDyK densityoDyK volumesDyK  pressureyDyK  spreadrateMyDyK  spreadrateVoDyK energyoDyK torquesDyK  pressuremDyK forcekDyK masskDyK masswDyK  masslengthyDyK  spreadrateMqDyK densityoDyK lengthsDyK  pressureoDyK lengthoDyK lengthoDyK volumeoDyK lengthmDyK forcesDyK  pressurekDyK massyDyK  spreadrateMwDyK  masslengthqDyK densitymDyK forceoDyK torquesDyK  pressureoDyK volumekDyK areakDyK masskDyK masskDyK areakDyK areamDyK forcewDyK  masslengthoDyK energykDyK massoDyK torquemDyK forcesDyK  pressureyDyK  spreadrateMwDyK  masslengthqDyK densityoDyK torquekDyK massmDyK forcesDyK  pressureyDyK  spreadrateMwDyK  masslengthqDyK densitykDyK areakDyK massoDyK energyoDyK energymDyK poweroDyK lengthmDyK speediDyK topiDyK topiDyK topiDyK topiDyK topiDyK topiDyK topiDyK topiDyK topiDyK topiDyK topiDyK topiDyK topiDyK topiDyK topiDyK topDyK yK xhttp://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/general/units.htmlDyK F) http://www.gnn.com/cgi-bin/gnn/currencyDyK yK :http://www.iso.ch/index.htmlDyK F& http://www.iso.ch/infoe.catinfo.htmlDyK yK Fhttp://www.iso.ch/cate/010610.htmlDyK F$ http://www.iso.ch/cate/010620.htmliDyK topiDyK top* [<@<Normal 1$ddCJhmH nH <A@<Default Paragraph Font:O:Definition Term >O>Definition Listh(O( Definition6*O*H1$@& 5CJ0KH$&O&H2$@&5CJ$&O&H3$@&5CJ"O"H4$@&5&O&H5$@&5CJ&O&H6$@&5CJ.O.Address 60O0 Blockquote hhOCITE6$O$CODE CJOJQJ$X@$Emphasis6(U@( Hyperlink>*B*8V@8FollowedHyperlink>*B* 0O0Keyboard5CJOJQJfOf Preformatted0  # ~= z9!v% CJOJQJZOZz-Bottom of Form!$1$$d<CJOJQJhmH nH TOT z-Top of Form"$1$&d<CJOJQJhmH nH $O1$SampleOJQJ W@A Strong50OQ0 Typewriter CJOJQJ$Oa$Variable6,Oq, HTML Markup<B*"O"Comment<8Y@8 Document Map)-D OJQJ /z\&KX8Z:\0]^x_ abdeghjRlm[o.qrMtuQwx}V~v#5S<EaOX^adhm3q/uxt~ G-\'P:H8"T7/KZYaejo}txW#9G!@Zg{0?EYo "8K f r   A V ^ Zow ZowF"["c"())111777AAAFGGSSSSSTTTT T8TKTMTcThTjTTTTTTTTTTU UU&U,U.UOU`UbU~UUUUUUUUU V V"V9V?VAV[VdVfV}VVVVVVVVV WWW,W3W?WTW\W X3X5X9XLXNXRXeXgXkX~XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXYYYY/Y1Y5YHYJYLY_YaYeYxYzY~YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYZZZ"Z8Z>Z@ZXZbZdZzZZZZZZZZZZZZ[%['[A[F[H[`[v[x[[[[[[[[[[[\\-\<\>\V\l\n\\\\\\\\\\ ])]+]C]W]Y]o]]]]]]]]]]^ ^"^-^/^K^R^T^p^u^w^^^^^^^^^^^_ _"_0_5_M_U_W_o_t_v__________ ```6`X`Z`r````````````aaa6a@aBaXa_aaazaaaaaaaaaa b b'b4b6bObfbkbbbbbbbbbbbbbccc/c>cDc\cccecccccccc dd%ddVd]d_dvdddddddddeee,eKeMeeeeeeeeeee fff6fIfKfgf{f}ffffffffggg'g)g@gYg[g|ggggggggg hhh/h9h;hShbhdhzhhhhhhhhhhhii#i%i=iIiKicivixiiiiiiiiiijjj,j8j:jTjqjsjjjjjjjjjjjkk+kBkDk\kbkdkkkkkkkkkklll4lPlRljlvlxlllllllm.m3mKmbmdm|mmmmmmmmmnnn/n6n8nTndnfnnnnnnnnnno o o$o;o=oUo[o]ouo{o}oooooooooppp p=pMpOpkp{p}ppppppppppq-q/qGqNqSqiqoqtqqqqqqqqqqrrr/r7rsQsSsos}sssssssssss ttt0tDtFtctqtsttttttttttu uu,u8u:uRu]u_uvu|uuuuuuuuuu~~~˅Ӆ#+¬ʬ,419<QY$m-jl[g|*2XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX8 !@  T (  TB  c $Vd~?TB  c $Vd~?TB  c $Vd~?TB  c $Vd~?TB  c $Vd~?TB  c $Vd~?TB  c $Vd~?TB   c $Vd~?TB   c $Vd~?TB   c $Vd~? TB   c $Vd~? TB   c $Vd~? TB  c $Vd~? TB  c $Vd~? TB  c $Vd~?TB  c $Vd~?TB  c $Vd~?TB  c $Vd~?TB  c $Vd~?TB  c $Vd~?TB  c $Vd~?TB  c $Vd~?TB  c $Vd~?TB  c $Vd~?TB  c $Vd~?TB  c $Vd~?TB  c $Vd~?TB  c $Vd~?TB  c $Vd~?TB  c $Vd~?TB   c $Vd~?B S  ?Us x"%)17A/GqWZ v~@#ͨ߬I0NnF$t$t$t$t$t$t$t $t $t $t $t $t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t$t $t1SI _Hlt508263069 standardsderivedprefixes conventionhistoryUKMetUKUScategorylistABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZlengthareavolumemass masslengthdensityenergyforcefuelconsumptionpowerpressurespeed spreadrateM spreadrateVtorquerefsnote u z"')7A1GSsWZZ[^^2_`hb@cdii0mnnPqqq9ru~uv~B%ϨK2Pp  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0 u z"')7A1GSsWZZ[^^2_`hb@cdii0mnnPqqq9ru~uv~B%ϨK2Pp H J  EOv~W]!nw#$)aj"#&'*?DORSVWZ[^_bcf@DPSTW(- > C R U V Y  !!!!!!! !!!$!%!(!q!s!!!!" """""]#l###$$$$$$ &&22q3z33333445596<6=== >>>2>8>E>O>U>]>l>s>>>FDLDJJOOOOOO PP+Q6Q{ZZq^u^^^x``aa7a@a0c>cddddffffgggg hh{hhhhhh jj-j8jUj`j6kAkkkLmRm}mmmmmmn no ooooo0r7rYr\rwr}r.x1x2x5xyy |#|$|'|||}}}};?OX.<p~RYCFae,/՟ݟ36KNǧ֧ͧا|~GNt '.ҫ٫ܫޫ۶ݶOXorsvfl")~ý(247aefm PW3:;Celmz 'ahLQ"*%5<.5 IP HO5>?GZ`58lr{}Y`\b[`>Cx3:  ! / 7 ? F ^ d  RW8?%7;KU?D@D(-jo> C  !!>!A!##$$J&M&))//g1i1Q?W?? AAABB|DDEEFFGG1Q6QQSSSSTTT9T?TdThTTTTTTTU U'U,UPUTUUUUUUU VV:V?V\VdV~VVVVVV WW-W3WWX9Z>ZYZbZ{ZZZZZZZZ[[B[F[[[[[[[[\.\4\W\a\\\\\\\]]D]J]p]x]]]]]]^#^-^L^R^q^u^^^^^^^^^#_'_N_U_p_t_______ ``7`;`s`w```````aa7a@aYa_a{aaaaaaab(b-bPbUbbbbbbbbbcc0c>c]ccccccccc&d,dWd]dwd}dddddee-e;efeteeeeeff7f@fhfqfffffffg'gAgKg}gggggg hh0h9hTh\h{hhhhhhhhi#i>iCidiiiiiii jj-j8jUj`jjjjjjjjk,k3k]kbkkkkkkkll5l?lklvlllllmmLmRm}mmmmmmn n0n6nUn[nnnnnnno o%o*oVo[ovo{ooooooopp>pDplprpppppppq$qHqNqjqoqqqqqqqr r0r7rYr\rwr}rrrrrrr ss?sEspsvsssssss tt1t;tdthtttttttuu-u1uSuWuwu|uuuuuxxPx\xxxxx yyIyOyyyyyzzQzUzzzzz {{C{I{~{{{{{{@|E||||| }%}]}b}}}}}~~Z~`~~~;?s{ā́PUςՂTZ7=}„BH~w~‡?Jx}"'ej$cmߊ'.dk OXʌόTZڍsy.<p~ȐѐRYݑ!'bgߒ"&ag ae.3ot YcؘޘLRęʙJNšȚ`fW\ʟԟ jsݠ#PV͡ӡ MSâ"&im",_eզKSǧͧ=Apt7@t'.Z`ҫ٫ EIejNS7<HL(0dlضڶOXȷͷ<B{%Yaι׹")λٻ DO~:@u}(2ae۾ PWȿ3:elRV?K~#YdSYINV\?D~!]cS^.4ou'-ci=B9<{3:v}5>v S]lr(Y` 86<Vicki A. Andersen!C:\My Download Files\dic_unit.docVicki A. Andersen1C:\WINDOWS\TEMP\AutoRecovery save of dic_unit.asd*X5d5`g@h OJQJo(@19 @G:Times New Roman5Symbol3& :Arial?5 :Courier New5& :Tahoma"AhSƟS *ſBI$2N*\/A Dictionary of Measures, Units and ConversionsVicki A. AndersenVicki A. Andersen Oh+'0  <H d p |0A Dictionary of Measures, Units and Conversions DiVicki A. AndersenasickickNormal.Vicki A. Andersenas4ckMicrosoft Word 8.0s@e@2@3*ſ ՜.+,D՜.+,l( px   lwBN*1 0A Dictionary of Measures, Units and Conversions Title|F(RZ6F _PID_HLINKS GENERATORAE$totopto top-o $ http://www.iso.ch/cate/010620.htmlob#http://www.iso.ch/cate/010610.htmlZ& http://www.iso.ch/infoe.catinfo.html\http://www.iso.ch/index.html ) http://www.gnn.com/cgi-bin/gnn/currencyr2<http://www.chemie.fu-berlin.de/chemistry/general/units.htmltotoptotoptotoptotoptotoptotoptotoptotoptotoptotoptotoptotoptotoptotoptotoptotopspeedvjlength powergeenergygeenergymassareacbdensityhx masslengthfu spreadrateM pressure forcemasss{torquecbdensityhx masslengthfu spreadrateM pressure forces{torquemassgeenergyhx masslength forcearea|areaymassvmasssareawpvolumem pressures{jtorque gforcecbddensityhxa masslengthfu^ spreadrateM[massX pressure UforcevjRlengthwOvolumevjLlengthvjIlengthF pressurevjClengthcb@densityfu= spreadrateMhx: masslength7mass4mass 1force. pressures{+torquege(energyfu% spreadrateVfu" spreadrateM pressurewvolumecbdensityhx masslength pressurespeedbs fuelconsumptionvj lengthvjlengthspeed pressurevjlength power pressure forcegeenergyspeedfu spreadrateVwvolumevjlengthvjlengthvjlengthspeed pressure forcemassgeenergy power pressure force pressurebsfuelconsumptionspeedvjlength powergeenergycbdensityhx masslengthfu spreadrateMmass pressure powers{torquegeenergy force powergeenergy powergeenergyspeedfu spreadrateVfu spreadrateM pressurevjlength}massgezenergy wpowertareaqareavjnlengthcbkdensityhxh masslengthfue spreadrateMs{btorque_masscb\densityYmass VpowergeSenergyfuP spreadrateVwMvolumevjJlengthgeGenergy DpowergeAenergyw>volume;speed8 pressurevj5lengthvj2lengths{/torquege,energyvj)lengthvj&length #forcehx  masslengthhx masslengthwvolumevjlengthfu spreadrateVwvolumeareavj lengthspeed pressurevjlengthwvolumegeenergymass powergeenergywvolume powergeenergy pressurewvolumevjlength pressurevjlengthareavjlengthareaxyXYZuvUVWtTsSrRpqPQoOnNmMlLkKijIJhHgGfFeEdDcCbBaAtotops{torque pressurefu spreadrateVfu spreadrateMspeed pressure ~powercb{densityfux spreadrateMhxu masslengthhxr masslengthbsofuelconsumption lforcegeienergycbfdensityhxc masslengthfu` spreadrateM]masswZvolumeWareavjTlengthtoQtoptoNtoptoKtoptoHtoptoEtoptoBtopto?topto<top9 prefixesto6topto3top`i0derived- prefixes* standards 'note$refsus!USMetUKukUKptmetrictohistorysp convention prefixes`i derived  standardssiSIlist category;Mozilla/4.75 [en]C-CCK-MCD NSCPCD47 (Win98; U) [Netscape]  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~     !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:<=>?@ABDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefkRoot Entry F smData  s1Table [WordDocument-SummaryInformation(;DocumentSummaryInformation8CGCompObjjObjectPool  FMicrosoft Word Document MSWordDocWord.Document.89q